The Role of Entrepreneurship Education in Employment Generation in Nigeria with Ogun State as a case study

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The twenty first century has been tagged the “entrepreneurial age”. This is because entrepreneurship is seen as one of the basic means of stimulating economic growth and development through the generation of greater employment opportunities, development of local technological base and conservation of foreign exchange earning of national governments (Sule, 1986; World Bank, 1995).

Right from independence in 1960, unemployment has been rising phenomenon and as result many Nigerians have become jobless to the extent that government itself may not actually know the rate of unemployment today. Many of the jobless persons have taken to crimes like arm robbery, drug trafficking and prostitution among others. This problem of unemployment has been further worsened by various factors, peculiar to the Nigerian situations. These include poor planning or no planning at all, micro-economy, that is, total dependence on oil with its attendant price fluctuations in the world market, political and civil instability among others (Olagunju, 2008).

It is in realization of the damage of unemployment that the Federal Government has put in place policies and programmes such as the establishment of the National Directorate of Employment (NDE) in 1986 to work out strategies for dealing with the mass unemployment in the country especially among school leavers and Universities graduates. This makes the unemployed persons to be self reliant and self employed by acquiring skills in any trade of their choice as a means of earning a living. A person who has acquired a skill becomes employed of labour instead of searching for a white collar job that does not exist (Musa, 2000).

What has come from the poor state of Nigerian economy, at least from the beginning of 1980, is that many are learning and wishing to be their own boss rather than looking up to government for employment. Today, there are university and college graduate who have established businesses of their own and are carrying on well. Businesses being ventured into include: poultry, farming, animal rearing, hairdressing, barbing, soap making, block making, baking, commercial transportation, distributive trade, estate agency, tailoring, laundry and dry cleaning, Office and industrial cleaning. All these enterprises are established and managed by individuals who desire to be economically independent and also want to contribute their quota to the development of the nation. Today, such enterprises are spread all over the places, in cities, towns and village across the country (Nwoye, 1994).

What is interesting is that government (at various levels) is gradually beginning to realize that these enterprises could be the corner stone of the greatness of the Nigerian economy. Perhaps, this is why various governments are doing one thing or the other to promote and encourage the development of private entrepreneurship.

Ogun state being one of the thirty-six states that make up the Federal Republic of Nigeria, has put in place some measures to promote and encourage the development of entrepreneurship. This could be seen in terms of finance, provision of infrastructural facilities, policies and moral encouragement among others too numerous to mention.

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

According to (Olagunju, 2008), the problem encountered in an effort to give entrepreneurship a boost include shortage and inadequate infrastructural facilities and unsafe transportation system coupled with collapse road network in Nigeria. Entrepreneur who are engaged in distributive trade are greatly hampered by this factor. Many entrepreneurs lack credit facilities, building/ shop and water supply to enable them produce because most of them cannot afford the huge capital that is required to start up a business. In addition to this, the power supply has been disappointing. Lack of trust by Nigerians is also seen as a problem facing entrepreneurship development. Many Nigerians do not believe and trust the ability and capability of our local entrepreneurs. There is this common believe that whatever is made in Nigeria is inferior to that made from abroad. This has seriously affected the fortunes of the local entrepreneurs as many of them lack patronage.

Another problem of entrepreneurship in the country is lack of education and technical knowhow by many entrepreneurs. Many of the entrepreneurs are illiterates or with little education without the needed technological skills.

1.3     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Entrepreneurship has occupied a very important place in the policies and programmes of private individuals and governments at different levels due to the role it plays in the economy, particularly in generating employment opportunities. To achieve these objectives this research will attempt to answer the following questions.

       i.            Has Entrepreneurship education play an important role in employment generation and economic development.

     ii.            Has Entrepreneurship education been able to reduce unemployment rate in Nigeria particularly in Ogun State.

  iii.            Does the challenge of Entrepreneurship affect development in Nigeria?

  iv.            What are the effective measures to be taken to tackle unemployment in Nigeria?

1.4     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The primary objective of this research is to ascertain the role of entrepreneurship education in employment generation in Nigeria with Ogun State as a case study. However, there are other secondary objectives that this research will try to analyze, these include:

       i.            To examine the role of entrepreneurship education in employment generation and economic development

     ii.            To assess the rate of employment generation in Nigeria

  iii.            To examine how entrepreneurship education can improve economic development in Nigeria.

  iv.            To identify some entrepreneurship activities being ventured into

     v.            To analyze the problems of entrepreneurship in Nigeria.

1.5     RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The main purpose of this research is to enable us determine the role played by entrepreneurship education in generating employment in Nigeria. Therefore the hypothesis to be tested in this study is the Null hypotheses (Ho0) against the alternative hypothesis (H1) at 5% level of significance. Thus,

H0₁: Entrepreneurship education has no significant role on employment generation in Ogun State.

H0₂: Entrepreneurship education has significant role on employment generation in Ogun State.

H0₃: Employment generation has no significant role in the development of Ogun State economy.

H0₄: Employment generation has significant role in the development of Ogun State economy.

1.6     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of this research is providing valuable understanding of the role played by entrepreneurship education in employment generation in the Nigerian economy and therefore identify ways to encourage entrepreneurship towards employment generation and economic development. This research is not only beneficial to the researcher in his academic pursuit and in broadening his educational horizon but also beneficial in providing recommendations to the unemployed, students, entrepreneurs policy makers and the society in general.

Entrepreneurship has turned out to be a substantial engine of development in Nigeria. Specially, one of the most important and immediate benefits of entrepreneurship is its ability to create employment for both the skilled, unskilled, the highly educated, the less educated and even illiterate members of the society thereby reducing the level of the social vices.

To the unemployed, most especially University and College graduates, this research has the potential o developing an entrepreneurial spirit in their hearts, inspiring them to develop a feasible business, ideas, building the business venture and managing them to successfully growth and maturity.

The introduction of entrepreneurship development curricula in our educational system (secondary and tertiary institutions) is geared at stimulating and entrepreneurial spirit among students. This research therefore provides them with the basics of entrepreneurship.

To Policy Makers, the research serves as an insight into the role of entrepreneurship on employment generation by examining the challenges of entrepreneurship in Nigeria. It also provides an analytical data that becomes a necessary guide for information and decision making.

To the Entrepreneurs, this research will serve as a guide to them in carrying our feasibility studies and also provide them with the basic foundation and information needed to start a business.

Finally to the Society, this research has the potential of making a society be productive as it tries to identify some profitable business that can be ventured into which will in turn increase their income and the country’s gross domestic product (GDP).

1.7     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This research covers a period of ten (10) years from 2002 to 2012 and it is restricted to the role of entrepreneurship on employment generation in Nigeria using Ogun state as the case study. it is assumed that what is obtained in terms of operational practices and policies regarding the role of entrepreneurship on employment generation will be generally applicable to other state in Nigeria.

 

1.8     LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The limitation faced while carrying out this work are too numerous to mention, but among them are; unavailability of library facilities within the study environment, inadequate of secondary data materials, restriction of some documents for the study considerations etc.

1.9     DEFINITION OF TERMS

Personality: This is the whole person’s outstanding characteristic, his abilities, his emotional and social traits, his interest and attitude by Lovell K. (1973). Warens dictiponary defines personality as the integrative organisation of all the cognitive, affective and physical characteristic of an individual as it manifest in focal distinction from others.

Entrepreneurship: This refers to the process of creating a new enterprise and bearing any of its risks, with the view of making profit.

Entrepreneurship Education: This is a collection of formalized teachings that informs, trains and educates anyone interested in participating socioeconomic development through a project to promote entrepreneurship awareness, business creation or small business development.

Employment: This is an agreement between  an individual and another entity that stipulates the responsibilities, payment terms and arrangement, rules of the workplace and is recognized by the government.

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THE INFLUENCE OF ICT ON ORGANISATIONAL PROFITABILITY IN OGUN EAST SENATORIAL DISTRICT

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CHAPTER ONE 

INTRODUCTION

1.1    Background to the study

Social media is a channel of communication that has become one of the most prominent means of exchanging information between organizations and the public. Social media communication is an online platform promoting international collaborations and information sharing among different users of social media. This digital technology innovation is made possible by the emergence of network bandwidth which enables individuals to connect to the internet at the comfort of their locations and share valuable contents for personal and business development (Kietzmann et al, 2011).

In the work of Cheung et al. (2011), it was discussed that social media communication is the use of social networks online for the purpose of creating business value, self-discovery, creating value in entertainment, social development, as well as achieving interpersonal relationship with others. Social media comprises of Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Website, Blog, Online Community, Email, and so on, and these channels offer various opportunities for people to share their activities with families, acquaintances, and friends using texts, videos, audios, and pictures. However, social media communication has contributed significantly to organizations in recent times. In the study of Smith and Taglino (2014), it was posited that companies that have integrated social media communication into their innovative system have recorded much progress compare to those companies that are reluctant to adopt the same. The significance of this theory is that investment in social media technology offers a lot of benefits to organizations in this contemporary society, and even though these investments come with different costs covering cost of implementing social media technology and cost of promotions, the benefits exceed the costs. Another notable contribution of social media communication is that it has helped to improve the system of running businesses in a digital way such that many businesses have now considered social media as the easiest and convenient means of reaching out to a large audience as against traditional media with limited reach.

Kaplan and Haenlein (2010) argued that many companies are now operating on the social media because online community is the best place to showcase businesses due to the rising number of people using social media applications, and this is an area that companies can exploit in order to boost their customer base. But, Bibian (2018) believed that showcasing businesses on Facebook page or Instagram page is not enough, but should be able to first identify the reason for adopting social media, and then develop social media strategies in line with the goals and objectives of the organization.

  1.2   Statement of Problems 

Social media communication is considered an emerging field of research in recent years due to the fact that many practitioners and academics have seen it as a new way of promoting personal and business relationships beyond boundaries. Although these practitioners still perceive it with some fear because of its great influence on traditional media and the attitude of the users. In contrast, Holtz (2006) was of the opinion that social media communication has not eliminated or supplanted the traditional media, rather it has complemented it.

However, social media communication has raised a number of issues for firms. For instance, by engaging on social media, public opinion can easily be made on the company’s products and services without hesitation because customers are no longer satisfied with just receiving and dissecting messages without making their own contributions in form of feedback, and this contributions may come in negative form that could immediately hurt the company’s brand image leading to customers boycott (Bibian, 2018).

Another issue identified by Costea (2012) involves the use of creative contents on the social media platforms. He opine that, even though social media is very friendly and easy to use for companies, but high level of creativity is needed to develop contents that would attract customers because there are so many organizations promoting similar products and services with good contents online, hence only organizations that are able to distinguish their contents will secure the attention of these customers.

Cost of promotion across social media channels has also become a fundamental issue for companies. According to recent study, social media has become a toast to many marketing professionals, and 88% of global marketers have adopted social media for their promotions, leading to more than 60 million dollars as expenses on advertising annually (Bibian, 2018). Hence, the competitive nature of online advertising has made it imperative for organizations to prepare a handsome budget for promotions before their products and services can become visible to users online.

1.3    Objectives of the Study

The main objective is to determine the impact of social media communication on achieving organisational goals. Hence, the specific objectives are:

1         To examine the impact of Facebook communication on the goals of organisations. 

2         To examine the impact of Instagram communication on the goals of organisations.

3         To ascertain the impact of twitter communication on the goals of organisations 

1.4     Research Questions

In order to be able to ascertain the extent of the effect of social media communication as a tool for achieving organizational goals, the study will focus on proclaimed answers to the following questions.

1         To what extent does Facebook communication impacts on the goals of organisations?

2         Does Instagram communication has any impact on achieving the goals of organisations? 

3         How does twitter communication affect the achievement of organizational goals? 

1.5     Research Hypothesis

Hi: there is no significant relationship between Facebook communication and the goals of organisations.

H2: there is no significant relationship between Instagram communication and the goals of organisations.

H3: there is no significant relationship between twitter communication and the goals of organisations.

1.6   Significance of the Study 

The focus of this research is on the effect of social media communication on achieving the goals of organisations. This dissertation has efficiently analyzed related theories in the field of social media communication, and the gap discovered in the literature was that, previous studies did not focus on social media as a communication tool, particularly in the developing countries like Nigeria, and this is the motivating factor for the researcher to focus on this aspect of the study.

This became necessary because some organizations in the developing countries that have implemented social media technology with annual budget for social media promotions have not been able to establish a relationship between their expenditure and the profit goal of their organizations. Secondly, other organizations are still reluctant to implement social media technology because of lack of statistical evidence to prove a significant relationship between social media communication and organizational goals.

Hence, the findings of this research will make significant contributions to knowledge in social media communication in Nigeria and other developing nations in the world, and the enormous contributions it will make to knowledge could be viewed from different perspectives. In the first instance, the genuine evidence through the data generated from the case organisation will determine the relationship between social media communication and profitability goal of organizations.

Secondly, this evidence can be cited by other researchers who have the intention of taking a leap in social media communication and organizational goals.

Additionally, social media practitioners and public relations experts can also benefit from the outcomes of this study because of its focus on social media communication and profit targets of organizations.

The private sector organizations and government will also benefit from it as it will help in formulating policies in communication strategy. The theoretical contributions will also benefit the students and researchers in the field of social media communication as they will find it edifying and valuable in their career endeavors.

The advice on future research needed on this topic will also help other researchers to use this study as a springboard to develop a research topic in other sectors. 

1.7     Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study will cover the social media communication activities of the company, and it will involve the human resources, finance, engineering, logistics, procurement, and legal departments of the company. The period of activities will cover from 2014-2019. The essence of this period stems from the significant contributions that social media communication has made to organizational growth in the last five years.

However, this study will have certain limitations which include funding as well as limited time to obtain relevant data from the case study organization.

1.8  Definition of terms 

Social media – Online social networks used for the purpose of creating business value, self- discovery, entertainment value, social development, as well as achieving interpersonal relationship with others.

In this study, social media comprises of Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Website, and E-mail.

 

Organizational goal – The goal and objectives of the organization include profitability, marketing, business, market share, sales, and so on. In this study, organizational goal is considered the profitability of an organization.

Internet is a massive “network of networks”, a media infrastructure which connects millions of computers together globally, forming a network in which any computer can communicate with each other as long as they are both connected to internet.

Social Media- They are forms of electronic communication which facilitate interactive base on certain interests. Social media include web and mobile technology. Kaplan and Helen (2010) defined Social Media as a group of internet based application that allows the creation and exchange of user generated content. The use of internet to make information about yourself available to other people especially people you share an interest with to send messages to them.

Media - Are all those media technologies that are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication. “They are messages communicated through a mass medium to a number of people.

Computer - A computer is a machine that receives or stores or process data quickly according to a stored program.

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THE INFLUENCE OF ICT ON ORGANISATIONAL PROFITABILITY IN OGUN EAST SENATORIAL DISTRICT

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The effect of instructional materials on the academic performance of business education students in secondary school in Ijebu North Local Government Area of Ogun state

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0     Introduction

1.1     Background of the Study

Recent emphasis on teaching-learning method is on that in which learners are made to have active participation. Active participation of learners will improve academic performance and also minimize abstraction associated with Business education learning, thus increasing learning experience. This can be facilitated by making use of instructional materials and resources which can minimize abstraction associated with Business education can only be effective when adequate and relevant instructional materials are used (Afolabi, Adeyanju, Adedapo and Falade, 2006). Many educators and researchers have reported the importance of instructional materials in teaching. Teaching and learning could not be effective without availability and utilization of relevant instructional materials.

 

Research reports have shown that availability of instructional materials and ability of the teachers to improvise and use them are vital determinant of teaching methods to be used by the Business education teachers (Afolabi, 2008) and consequently achievements. Oyeniran (2003) posited that pupils learn best if they are given the opportunity to see and to make observation of what they are taught. He said a good  instructional material might be a substitute for real life objects in the classroom as against the use of exploratory method.

Many research reports abound on the Inevitability of instructional materials and resources on Business education learning outcomes. Such include the works of Adedayo (2000), Hassan (2000). In spite of this, many of these resources and instructional materials are lacking in our schools.

In fact many authors have written on the use and effectiveness of instructional materials or teaching aids to enhance teaching for desired social and behavioural change. More specifically, it was emphasized that the act of improvising and use of instructional materials is a sine qua non in affecting behavior of learners of every field. i.e a prerequisite, requirement or an essential condition. It is necessary to note that teaching aids are important catalysts of social reengineering and change in learners. It is obvious that effective instructions cannot be well accomplished without the use of  instructional materials. The reason is not far-fetched: advances in technology have brought instructional materials especially the projected and electronic materials to the forefront as the most radical tools of globalization and social development which have affected the classroom teaching-learning situation positively. Such technological breakthroughs as networked and non-networked; projected and no projected; visual, auditory, audio-visual electronic materials are important landmarks in knowledge transfer. With them both teaching and learning become very pleasant experiences.

 instructional materials possess some inherent advantages that make them unique in teaching. For one thing, they provide the teacher with basic knowledge and compelling platforms for conveying information since they motivate learners to want to learn more and more. Also, by providing opportunities for private study and reference, the learner’s interest and curiosity are increasingly stimulated. Further, the teacher is assisted in overcoming physical difficulties that could have hindered his effective presentation of a given topic. They generally make teaching and learning easier and less stressful. They are equally indispensable catalysts of social and intellectual development of the learners. Bolick (2003) pointed to a good relationship between effective teachings and using of  instructional materials. He argued that”. . . while some educators have been fascinated by the potential of instructional materials to enhance teaching and learning, teachers lagged behind in using instructional materials during teaching and learning. Others expressed doubts that instructional materials will ever incite teaching reform in social studies”. Instructional materials are integral components of teaching- learning situations; it is not just to supplement learning but to complement its process. It is then shows that, if there must be an effective teaching-learning activity, utilization of instructional materials will be necessary. Ema & Ajayi (2004) assert that, “teaching equipment and materials have changed over the years, not only to facilitate teaching learning situation but also to address the instructional needs of individuals and groups”.

Instructional materials are made up of objects such as printed, audio, visual that aid in the successful delivery of lesson (Chuba 2000:101). To this end, instructional materials are said to be objects or things the teacher can use in the classroom while teaching in order to ease off his teaching activities. However, instructional materials cannot address all the teaching- learning problems but it can go a long way in solving them, simply because, they are additional apparatus that can influence the reality of teaching and learning activities. Joof (1995:85) explained that, “the concept of teaching aids has gone through several evolutionary stages from the simple aids, instructional technology, media to communication and educational technology”. This however, tells us that instructional materials are not just objects or equipment used during teaching-learning process but those objects  by the teacher to make conceptual abstraction more concrete and practical to the learners. Instructional materials are the relevant materials utilized by a teacher during instructional process for the purpose of making the contents of the instructions more practical and less vague. Bolaji (2005).

“Instructional media today are very gradually finding their ways into the classrooms where modern and versatile teachers are improvising new ways of transferring learning to the younger generation, the use of prints, visuals and audios or various combination of these trios make up all we have in instructional media. instructional media therefore are the information dissemination devices made up of prints radio picture including films, movies, photographs, etc, used in the classroom for an easy transfer of learning” (Orakwe 2000:112).

Ema & Ajayi (2006) opined that, “without the teacher who is knowledgeable, instructional materials cannot create change and progress the only time it begins to make impact is when the teacher begins to make use of it and allows it to take over its values”. This portrays the professional attributes of the teacher and general knowledge or his creativity selecting, developed communication is usually the result of a careful selection of the appropriate medium or combination of media available by an effective teacher. This is to ensure the transmission of message from one source to another by the use of form or illustration that seems desirable and depict the real situations of the audience. It is referred to as the interaction of an individual or group with the environment through all the senses. The practical justification is that it is an instrument for accelerating the pace of all human transformation, to shake-off inertia in a people, achieve mobilisation and direct their productive forces in improving their living condition. This is also to show that the use of instructional materials effectively.

 teaching and learning materials design, production and their use facilitate the teaching and learning outcomes. However, the success of using the  instructional materials to meet the teaching objectives demands effective use and communication skills of the teacher to satisfy instructional delivery in business study.

1.2     Statement of the Problem

Instructional resources and materials are of immense importance to teaching and learning of business education. Incidentally, most business education teachers have demonstrated great inability to think and improvise instructional materials suitable for the planned instruction, the resultant effect of which contribute to the poor academic performance of the students.

Most research reports have shown gross unavailability of instructional materials for teaching business education thus, making it boring and difficult to understand. Therefore, the concern for making inventory on the availability and use of these instructional materials cannot be over emphasized. The investigation into the effect of  instructional materials on students academic performance in business education is worthwhile in as much as teaching and learning of business education in secondary schools is concerned.

1.3     Research Questions

     1.            Is there any significant difference in the academic performance of business education students who are taught with instructional materials and those who are not?

     2.            Is there any significant relationship between business education teacher qualifications and the use of instructional materials?

     3.            Is there any significant influence of instructional materials on the teacher attitude towards teaching and learning of Business education>

     4.            Is there any significant effect of  instructional materials on students academic performance in business education?

1.4     Research Hypotheses

HO₁ : There is no significant difference in the academic performance of students who are taught with  instructional materials and those who are not.

HO₂:  There is no significant relationship between business education teachers qualification and the use of instructional materials.

HO₃:  There is no significant influence of  instructional materials on the teacher’s attitude towards teaching and learning of business education.

HO₄:  There is no significant effect of  instructional materials on students’ academic performance in business education.

1.5     Limitation of the Study

The research was limited to some schools in Ijebu North Local Government Area in Ogun State. Since the study was going on along with other school activities; this made it difficult for the researcher to go round all the local government area in Ogun state.

1.6     Significance of the Study

It is hoped that this study would provide information for the teacher, students, government and educational technologist.

To the teacher:

·        It would teach the teachers to be creative and  instructional materials when the imported or original instructional materials are not available.

·        It would encourage the teachers to improvise’ instructional materials when the original or imported, ones are not available.

·        It would help the teachers to impart knowledge on the receptionist and documents handled by the receptionist very fast with less stress to the students and achieve learning.

·        Teaching with , documents handled by the receptionist by the teacher would make the class to be very interesting and encourage both teachers and students.

To the students

·        It would provide students say knowledge on how to improvise documents handled by the receptionist.

·        It would help students to learn very quickly and comprehend the topics.

·        Students would be able to transfer knowledge acquired from the functions of a receptionist and documents handled by the receptionist to other related commercial topics when they are promoted to SS one.

·        Students would be able to use the documents handled by the receptionist to attend to the company’s visitors in case they are employed during the holiday.

·        The student’s academic performance both in formative and summative test would improve rapidly. 

Government

Government would be aware that it is quite possible to  documents handled by the receptionist and disseminate it to different schools in order to achieve learning without encountering difficulties by the students during teaching. Government would use this media to learn how to  documents handled by the receptionist at a very cheaper price.

Government would have reason to mandate teaching of documents handled by the receptionist with instructional materials or  documents handled by the receptionist.

Technologist

The technologist would, be aware of the fact that it is possible to  mostly unavailable sample of documents handled by the receptionists for teaching in business education.

Technologist would know how to  documents handled by the receptionist at affordable cost.

Technologist would be able to think further on how to improved improvisation of documents handled by the receptionist.

Technologist would see the cogent reasons to improvise other unavailable business education topics instructional materials in order to improve teaching of business education e.g. improvisation of transportation documents (bill of lading, freight) etc.

1.7     Definition of Terms

Academic Performance: Things that pertain to fulfilling the requirements of learning, schooling and scholarship.

Business education: This is the study of economics and management especially as an educational topic.

Instructional Materials: These are materials that are being provided and develop for teaching and learning activities. Noticeable examples are textbooks, posters, receipts, cheques, letter of enquiry, order, quotation, documents handled by the receptionist e.g. visitors book or visitor register, telephone message form or pad, appointment register, business card request form or visitor’s slip, telephone directory, the diary etc.

Utilization of instructional materials: This is the effective use of a particular medium for a specific purpose in order to specify instrument needs.

Receptionist: A receptionist is an employee of an organization charged with the responsibility of receiving and directing visitors.

Document handled by a receptionist: These are documents handled by the receptionist in order to provide adequate records related to her job in the performance of her duties. Among the documents handled by the receptionist are visitors book, telephone message pad, request form, business card, telephone directory, request form, the diary e.t.c.

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The effect of instructional materials on the academic performance of business education students in secondary school in Ijebu North Local Government Area of Ogun state

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