The Role of Entrepreneurship Education in Employment Generation in Nigeria with Ogun State as a case study

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The twenty first century has been tagged the “entrepreneurial age”. This is because entrepreneurship is seen as one of the basic means of stimulating economic growth and development through the generation of greater employment opportunities, development of local technological base and conservation of foreign exchange earning of national governments (Sule, 1986; World Bank, 1995).

Right from independence in 1960, unemployment has been rising phenomenon and as result many Nigerians have become jobless to the extent that government itself may not actually know the rate of unemployment today. Many of the jobless persons have taken to crimes like arm robbery, drug trafficking and prostitution among others. This problem of unemployment has been further worsened by various factors, peculiar to the Nigerian situations. These include poor planning or no planning at all, micro-economy, that is, total dependence on oil with its attendant price fluctuations in the world market, political and civil instability among others (Olagunju, 2008).

It is in realization of the damage of unemployment that the Federal Government has put in place policies and programmes such as the establishment of the National Directorate of Employment (NDE) in 1986 to work out strategies for dealing with the mass unemployment in the country especially among school leavers and Universities graduates. This makes the unemployed persons to be self reliant and self employed by acquiring skills in any trade of their choice as a means of earning a living. A person who has acquired a skill becomes employed of labour instead of searching for a white collar job that does not exist (Musa, 2000).

What has come from the poor state of Nigerian economy, at least from the beginning of 1980, is that many are learning and wishing to be their own boss rather than looking up to government for employment. Today, there are university and college graduate who have established businesses of their own and are carrying on well. Businesses being ventured into include: poultry, farming, animal rearing, hairdressing, barbing, soap making, block making, baking, commercial transportation, distributive trade, estate agency, tailoring, laundry and dry cleaning, Office and industrial cleaning. All these enterprises are established and managed by individuals who desire to be economically independent and also want to contribute their quota to the development of the nation. Today, such enterprises are spread all over the places, in cities, towns and village across the country (Nwoye, 1994).

What is interesting is that government (at various levels) is gradually beginning to realize that these enterprises could be the corner stone of the greatness of the Nigerian economy. Perhaps, this is why various governments are doing one thing or the other to promote and encourage the development of private entrepreneurship.

Ogun state being one of the thirty-six states that make up the Federal Republic of Nigeria, has put in place some measures to promote and encourage the development of entrepreneurship. This could be seen in terms of finance, provision of infrastructural facilities, policies and moral encouragement among others too numerous to mention.

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

According to (Olagunju, 2008), the problem encountered in an effort to give entrepreneurship a boost include shortage and inadequate infrastructural facilities and unsafe transportation system coupled with collapse road network in Nigeria. Entrepreneur who are engaged in distributive trade are greatly hampered by this factor. Many entrepreneurs lack credit facilities, building/ shop and water supply to enable them produce because most of them cannot afford the huge capital that is required to start up a business. In addition to this, the power supply has been disappointing. Lack of trust by Nigerians is also seen as a problem facing entrepreneurship development. Many Nigerians do not believe and trust the ability and capability of our local entrepreneurs. There is this common believe that whatever is made in Nigeria is inferior to that made from abroad. This has seriously affected the fortunes of the local entrepreneurs as many of them lack patronage.

Another problem of entrepreneurship in the country is lack of education and technical knowhow by many entrepreneurs. Many of the entrepreneurs are illiterates or with little education without the needed technological skills.

1.3     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Entrepreneurship has occupied a very important place in the policies and programmes of private individuals and governments at different levels due to the role it plays in the economy, particularly in generating employment opportunities. To achieve these objectives this research will attempt to answer the following questions.

       i.            Has Entrepreneurship education play an important role in employment generation and economic development.

     ii.            Has Entrepreneurship education been able to reduce unemployment rate in Nigeria particularly in Ogun State.

  iii.            Does the challenge of Entrepreneurship affect development in Nigeria?

  iv.            What are the effective measures to be taken to tackle unemployment in Nigeria?

1.4     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The primary objective of this research is to ascertain the role of entrepreneurship education in employment generation in Nigeria with Ogun State as a case study. However, there are other secondary objectives that this research will try to analyze, these include:

       i.            To examine the role of entrepreneurship education in employment generation and economic development

     ii.            To assess the rate of employment generation in Nigeria

  iii.            To examine how entrepreneurship education can improve economic development in Nigeria.

  iv.            To identify some entrepreneurship activities being ventured into

     v.            To analyze the problems of entrepreneurship in Nigeria.

1.5     RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The main purpose of this research is to enable us determine the role played by entrepreneurship education in generating employment in Nigeria. Therefore the hypothesis to be tested in this study is the Null hypotheses (Ho0) against the alternative hypothesis (H1) at 5% level of significance. Thus,

H0₁: Entrepreneurship education has no significant role on employment generation in Ogun State.

H0₂: Entrepreneurship education has significant role on employment generation in Ogun State.

H0₃: Employment generation has no significant role in the development of Ogun State economy.

H0₄: Employment generation has significant role in the development of Ogun State economy.

1.6     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of this research is providing valuable understanding of the role played by entrepreneurship education in employment generation in the Nigerian economy and therefore identify ways to encourage entrepreneurship towards employment generation and economic development. This research is not only beneficial to the researcher in his academic pursuit and in broadening his educational horizon but also beneficial in providing recommendations to the unemployed, students, entrepreneurs policy makers and the society in general.

Entrepreneurship has turned out to be a substantial engine of development in Nigeria. Specially, one of the most important and immediate benefits of entrepreneurship is its ability to create employment for both the skilled, unskilled, the highly educated, the less educated and even illiterate members of the society thereby reducing the level of the social vices.

To the unemployed, most especially University and College graduates, this research has the potential o developing an entrepreneurial spirit in their hearts, inspiring them to develop a feasible business, ideas, building the business venture and managing them to successfully growth and maturity.

The introduction of entrepreneurship development curricula in our educational system (secondary and tertiary institutions) is geared at stimulating and entrepreneurial spirit among students. This research therefore provides them with the basics of entrepreneurship.

To Policy Makers, the research serves as an insight into the role of entrepreneurship on employment generation by examining the challenges of entrepreneurship in Nigeria. It also provides an analytical data that becomes a necessary guide for information and decision making.

To the Entrepreneurs, this research will serve as a guide to them in carrying our feasibility studies and also provide them with the basic foundation and information needed to start a business.

Finally to the Society, this research has the potential of making a society be productive as it tries to identify some profitable business that can be ventured into which will in turn increase their income and the country’s gross domestic product (GDP).

1.7     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This research covers a period of ten (10) years from 2002 to 2012 and it is restricted to the role of entrepreneurship on employment generation in Nigeria using Ogun state as the case study. it is assumed that what is obtained in terms of operational practices and policies regarding the role of entrepreneurship on employment generation will be generally applicable to other state in Nigeria.

 

1.8     LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The limitation faced while carrying out this work are too numerous to mention, but among them are; unavailability of library facilities within the study environment, inadequate of secondary data materials, restriction of some documents for the study considerations etc.

1.9     DEFINITION OF TERMS

Personality: This is the whole person’s outstanding characteristic, his abilities, his emotional and social traits, his interest and attitude by Lovell K. (1973). Warens dictiponary defines personality as the integrative organisation of all the cognitive, affective and physical characteristic of an individual as it manifest in focal distinction from others.

Entrepreneurship: This refers to the process of creating a new enterprise and bearing any of its risks, with the view of making profit.

Entrepreneurship Education: This is a collection of formalized teachings that informs, trains and educates anyone interested in participating socioeconomic development through a project to promote entrepreneurship awareness, business creation or small business development.

Employment: This is an agreement between  an individual and another entity that stipulates the responsibilities, payment terms and arrangement, rules of the workplace and is recognized by the government.

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The Role of Entrepreneurship Education in Employment Generation in Nigeria with Ogun State as a case study

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THE INFLUENCE OF ICT ON ORGANISATIONAL PROFITABILITY IN OGUN EAST SENATORIAL DISTRICT

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CHAPTER ONE 

INTRODUCTION

1.1    Background to the study

Social media is a channel of communication that has become one of the most prominent means of exchanging information between organizations and the public. Social media communication is an online platform promoting international collaborations and information sharing among different users of social media. This digital technology innovation is made possible by the emergence of network bandwidth which enables individuals to connect to the internet at the comfort of their locations and share valuable contents for personal and business development (Kietzmann et al, 2011).

In the work of Cheung et al. (2011), it was discussed that social media communication is the use of social networks online for the purpose of creating business value, self-discovery, creating value in entertainment, social development, as well as achieving interpersonal relationship with others. Social media comprises of Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Website, Blog, Online Community, Email, and so on, and these channels offer various opportunities for people to share their activities with families, acquaintances, and friends using texts, videos, audios, and pictures. However, social media communication has contributed significantly to organizations in recent times. In the study of Smith and Taglino (2014), it was posited that companies that have integrated social media communication into their innovative system have recorded much progress compare to those companies that are reluctant to adopt the same. The significance of this theory is that investment in social media technology offers a lot of benefits to organizations in this contemporary society, and even though these investments come with different costs covering cost of implementing social media technology and cost of promotions, the benefits exceed the costs. Another notable contribution of social media communication is that it has helped to improve the system of running businesses in a digital way such that many businesses have now considered social media as the easiest and convenient means of reaching out to a large audience as against traditional media with limited reach.

Kaplan and Haenlein (2010) argued that many companies are now operating on the social media because online community is the best place to showcase businesses due to the rising number of people using social media applications, and this is an area that companies can exploit in order to boost their customer base. But, Bibian (2018) believed that showcasing businesses on Facebook page or Instagram page is not enough, but should be able to first identify the reason for adopting social media, and then develop social media strategies in line with the goals and objectives of the organization.

  1.2   Statement of Problems 

Social media communication is considered an emerging field of research in recent years due to the fact that many practitioners and academics have seen it as a new way of promoting personal and business relationships beyond boundaries. Although these practitioners still perceive it with some fear because of its great influence on traditional media and the attitude of the users. In contrast, Holtz (2006) was of the opinion that social media communication has not eliminated or supplanted the traditional media, rather it has complemented it.

However, social media communication has raised a number of issues for firms. For instance, by engaging on social media, public opinion can easily be made on the company’s products and services without hesitation because customers are no longer satisfied with just receiving and dissecting messages without making their own contributions in form of feedback, and this contributions may come in negative form that could immediately hurt the company’s brand image leading to customers boycott (Bibian, 2018).

Another issue identified by Costea (2012) involves the use of creative contents on the social media platforms. He opine that, even though social media is very friendly and easy to use for companies, but high level of creativity is needed to develop contents that would attract customers because there are so many organizations promoting similar products and services with good contents online, hence only organizations that are able to distinguish their contents will secure the attention of these customers.

Cost of promotion across social media channels has also become a fundamental issue for companies. According to recent study, social media has become a toast to many marketing professionals, and 88% of global marketers have adopted social media for their promotions, leading to more than 60 million dollars as expenses on advertising annually (Bibian, 2018). Hence, the competitive nature of online advertising has made it imperative for organizations to prepare a handsome budget for promotions before their products and services can become visible to users online.

1.3    Objectives of the Study

The main objective is to determine the impact of social media communication on achieving organisational goals. Hence, the specific objectives are:

1         To examine the impact of Facebook communication on the goals of organisations. 

2         To examine the impact of Instagram communication on the goals of organisations.

3         To ascertain the impact of twitter communication on the goals of organisations 

1.4     Research Questions

In order to be able to ascertain the extent of the effect of social media communication as a tool for achieving organizational goals, the study will focus on proclaimed answers to the following questions.

1         To what extent does Facebook communication impacts on the goals of organisations?

2         Does Instagram communication has any impact on achieving the goals of organisations? 

3         How does twitter communication affect the achievement of organizational goals? 

1.5     Research Hypothesis

Hi: there is no significant relationship between Facebook communication and the goals of organisations.

H2: there is no significant relationship between Instagram communication and the goals of organisations.

H3: there is no significant relationship between twitter communication and the goals of organisations.

1.6   Significance of the Study 

The focus of this research is on the effect of social media communication on achieving the goals of organisations. This dissertation has efficiently analyzed related theories in the field of social media communication, and the gap discovered in the literature was that, previous studies did not focus on social media as a communication tool, particularly in the developing countries like Nigeria, and this is the motivating factor for the researcher to focus on this aspect of the study.

This became necessary because some organizations in the developing countries that have implemented social media technology with annual budget for social media promotions have not been able to establish a relationship between their expenditure and the profit goal of their organizations. Secondly, other organizations are still reluctant to implement social media technology because of lack of statistical evidence to prove a significant relationship between social media communication and organizational goals.

Hence, the findings of this research will make significant contributions to knowledge in social media communication in Nigeria and other developing nations in the world, and the enormous contributions it will make to knowledge could be viewed from different perspectives. In the first instance, the genuine evidence through the data generated from the case organisation will determine the relationship between social media communication and profitability goal of organizations.

Secondly, this evidence can be cited by other researchers who have the intention of taking a leap in social media communication and organizational goals.

Additionally, social media practitioners and public relations experts can also benefit from the outcomes of this study because of its focus on social media communication and profit targets of organizations.

The private sector organizations and government will also benefit from it as it will help in formulating policies in communication strategy. The theoretical contributions will also benefit the students and researchers in the field of social media communication as they will find it edifying and valuable in their career endeavors.

The advice on future research needed on this topic will also help other researchers to use this study as a springboard to develop a research topic in other sectors. 

1.7     Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study will cover the social media communication activities of the company, and it will involve the human resources, finance, engineering, logistics, procurement, and legal departments of the company. The period of activities will cover from 2014-2019. The essence of this period stems from the significant contributions that social media communication has made to organizational growth in the last five years.

However, this study will have certain limitations which include funding as well as limited time to obtain relevant data from the case study organization.

1.8  Definition of terms 

Social media – Online social networks used for the purpose of creating business value, self- discovery, entertainment value, social development, as well as achieving interpersonal relationship with others.

In this study, social media comprises of Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Website, and E-mail.

 

Organizational goal – The goal and objectives of the organization include profitability, marketing, business, market share, sales, and so on. In this study, organizational goal is considered the profitability of an organization.

Internet is a massive “network of networks”, a media infrastructure which connects millions of computers together globally, forming a network in which any computer can communicate with each other as long as they are both connected to internet.

Social Media- They are forms of electronic communication which facilitate interactive base on certain interests. Social media include web and mobile technology. Kaplan and Helen (2010) defined Social Media as a group of internet based application that allows the creation and exchange of user generated content. The use of internet to make information about yourself available to other people especially people you share an interest with to send messages to them.

Media - Are all those media technologies that are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication. “They are messages communicated through a mass medium to a number of people.

Computer - A computer is a machine that receives or stores or process data quickly according to a stored program.

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THE INFLUENCE OF ICT ON ORGANISATIONAL PROFITABILITY IN OGUN EAST SENATORIAL DISTRICT

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Impact of Social media sites usage on Academic performance of Secondary School Students in Eti-Osa Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Internet is a very essential part of life from shopping to electronic mails and education Tariq et al (2012). Using computers and the Internet is becoming more and more important in the learning and teaching processes Heyam (2014).

Internet is used for educational purpose by a large community but unfortunately we have a large community including majority of youth and teenagers who use Internet for only social media sites Boyd (2006).

These social media sites are so numerous but a few would be mentioned, which include, 2go, friend finder, e-buddy, Facebook, Instagram, Nimbuzz, Orbit, fubar, classmates, Naijapals, Netlog, Nigerian social network, blackberry messenger, twitter, MySpace, Whatsapp and so on. There are no limitations or restriction as to which social media sites one should belong; one can be a member of as many as possible Anthonia and Aduba (2014).

However, students most times abuse the use of these very socializing tools by neglecting the informative and educating benefits they offer as observed by Ibrahim(2012) that the neglect of educational benefits has endangered students to becoming victims of sexual predators, cyber bullying and harassment, posting or downloading of inappropriate pictures and other materials. Students skip the time for studies and engage in long hours of social media this in turn may be affecting them in variousways. Ibrahim (2012) posited that most students prefer being on the site than reading their books.

Udosen (2009) asserted that the Internet chatting (social media) are widely utilized by secondary school students both male and female in Nigeria. Some research works found out that gender interests differ in social media activities. According to Anthonia and Aduba (2014), girls (female students) are more likely to use social media sites than male. For girls, social media sites are places to reinforce pre-existing friendships while for boys who use the sites, the networks provide opportunities for flirting and making new friends. In terms of knowledge gained from social media sites, Khan (2010) is of the view that quite a number of male students use social media sites for knowledge more than their female counterparts. He opined that gender or not, students are addicted to social media. According to Ibrahim (2012), this addiction tends to take their time and keep them from doing other activities such as studying or socializing offline. He buttressed further that most of these students hardly read their books because of technological advancement which is believed to be largely responsible for the poor outings in most examinations taken by these students. He further stressed that they devote much time to activities that add little or nothing to their lives. For example, students employ the use of short hand style of writing in their social network interactions in writing tests which according to reports, attributed to mass failure in English language at most public examinations. Even at leisure time and late at night, the students keep pressing their phones which have adverse effect on their learning process Anthonia and Aduba (2014).

Social media with its numerous benefits should not be allowed to drift away the minds of students where in lies the development of Nigeria. Reading empowers everyone, it prepares the mind for societal challenges, therefore there is need to ensure it is back in line in order to develop and move the Nation forward Liccardi et al (2007).

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Social media brought many positive implications to human life such as making the connection of millions of people from all over the world possible.

However, there may be some evil characteristics within this medium that required further study. These students become distracted because of the amount of time and attention being devoted to these social media. Often times, they are observed using their mobile phones to communicate and do other social activities even during school hours when they are expected to be engaged in meaningful activities. Thus this valuable time is fitted away on social media, especially on activities that add w value to them Ibrahim (2012). The resultant effect of which has led to poor academic performance.

1.3     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The general objective of the study was to investigate the impact of Social media sites usage on Academic performance of Secondary School Students in Eti-Osa  Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study are;

    1)            Find out the extent to which gender differences influence the use of Social media

    2)            Identify the most visited websites by students

    3)            Determine the students’ purpose for using various websites

    4)            Find out the amount of time students invest into Social media

    5)            Identify the Information Communication Technologies mostly used by students for social media

    6)            Ascertain the influence of social media on students

1.4     SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The study will be of immense benefits to students, Parents/Guardians and School Teachers. The students will enjoy the lion’s share of the benefits. Students will learn to manage and balance their time. In the same vein, they will learn to explore the Social media potential benefits as it will boost their creativity and technical skills but at the expense of their primary responsibility which is reading.

It will equally benefit parents and guardians as they need to wake up to their roles of monitoring their children and wards.

This study will also serve as a guide to school teachers in order to teach the students’ mi the need to develop good reading habit and best ways to maximize the benefits of internet usage.

1.5     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

The following research questions was formulated to guide the proposed study.

    1)            To what extent do gender differences influence the use of social media?

    2)            Which social media sites do students visit the most?

    3)            To what extent do students use social media sites for various purposes?

    4)            What is the amount of time students invest into social media?

    5)            Which Information Communication Technologies are mostly used by students for social media?

    6)            What are the influences of social media on students?

1.6     RESEARCH HYPOTHESES

    1)            There is no significant difference in academic performance of students who are exposed to social media and those who are not exposed to the use of social media sites

    2)            There is no significant difference in the academic performance of boys and girls who are exposed to the use of Social media sites.

    3)             There is no significant difference in the academic performance of students who ‘ended Government and Private owned schools who are exposed to the use of Social media sites.

    4)            There is no significant difference in the academic performance of students who spent those who spent short time online making use of Social media sites.

1.7     LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The study was limited to some selected schools in Eti-Osa Local Government. This is so because of financial constraints, problems that were encountered when administering the questionnaire to students and time constraint.

1.8     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of this study was on the impact of Social media usage on Academic performance of Secondary School Students in Eti-Osa Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria. It focused on determining the extent to which male and female students make use of Social media, the websites sites mostly visited, the various purposes for using the sites, the time students invest into use of Social media. It focused on the Information Communication Technologies used by these students to access the internet.

Internet users showed that people who uses social media sites more in terms of time spent on it were perceived to be less involved with real-life connections to peers and hence a negative social identity tend to use social media more in order to compensate for this. This however could also be the case with students who invest a lot of their time into social media. They relented further that adolescents who received predominantly negative feedback had low self-esteem which in turn led towell-being. Banquil et al (2009) lamented that social media is the cause of damage in students’ chances of being well-off in the future.

1.9     DEFINITION OF TERMS

1.     Internet is a massive “network of networks”, a media infrastructure which connects millions of computers together globally, forming a network in which any computer can communicate with each other as long as they are both connected to internet.

2.     Social Media- They are forms of electronic communication which facilitate interactive base on certain interests. Social media include web and mobile technology. Kaplan and Helen (2010) defined Social Media as a group of internet based application that allows the creation and exchange of user generated content.

3.     Socia1 Media- The use of internet to make information about yourself available to other people especially people you share an interest with to send messages to them.

4.     Media - Are all those media technologies that are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication. “They are messages communicated through a mass medium to a number of people.

5.     Academic - It is concerned with Studying from books as opposed by a practical work.

6.     Students - Someone who is Studying at a University or School. Someone who is very interested in a particular subject. 

7. Computer - A computer is a machine that receives or stores or process data quickly according to a stored program.

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Impact of Social media sites usage on Academic performance of Secondary School Students in Eti-Osa Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria

Posted by : Osofowora Oluwatobi (Surest)

Date :Saturday, September 3, 2022

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Tag : Administration, Business Management, Computer Science, Economics, Management, Marketing, Projects, Technology