The Role of Entrepreneurship Education in Employment Generation in Nigeria with Ogun State as a case study

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The twenty first century has been tagged the “entrepreneurial age”. This is because entrepreneurship is seen as one of the basic means of stimulating economic growth and development through the generation of greater employment opportunities, development of local technological base and conservation of foreign exchange earning of national governments (Sule, 1986; World Bank, 1995).

Right from independence in 1960, unemployment has been rising phenomenon and as result many Nigerians have become jobless to the extent that government itself may not actually know the rate of unemployment today. Many of the jobless persons have taken to crimes like arm robbery, drug trafficking and prostitution among others. This problem of unemployment has been further worsened by various factors, peculiar to the Nigerian situations. These include poor planning or no planning at all, micro-economy, that is, total dependence on oil with its attendant price fluctuations in the world market, political and civil instability among others (Olagunju, 2008).

It is in realization of the damage of unemployment that the Federal Government has put in place policies and programmes such as the establishment of the National Directorate of Employment (NDE) in 1986 to work out strategies for dealing with the mass unemployment in the country especially among school leavers and Universities graduates. This makes the unemployed persons to be self reliant and self employed by acquiring skills in any trade of their choice as a means of earning a living. A person who has acquired a skill becomes employed of labour instead of searching for a white collar job that does not exist (Musa, 2000).

What has come from the poor state of Nigerian economy, at least from the beginning of 1980, is that many are learning and wishing to be their own boss rather than looking up to government for employment. Today, there are university and college graduate who have established businesses of their own and are carrying on well. Businesses being ventured into include: poultry, farming, animal rearing, hairdressing, barbing, soap making, block making, baking, commercial transportation, distributive trade, estate agency, tailoring, laundry and dry cleaning, Office and industrial cleaning. All these enterprises are established and managed by individuals who desire to be economically independent and also want to contribute their quota to the development of the nation. Today, such enterprises are spread all over the places, in cities, towns and village across the country (Nwoye, 1994).

What is interesting is that government (at various levels) is gradually beginning to realize that these enterprises could be the corner stone of the greatness of the Nigerian economy. Perhaps, this is why various governments are doing one thing or the other to promote and encourage the development of private entrepreneurship.

Ogun state being one of the thirty-six states that make up the Federal Republic of Nigeria, has put in place some measures to promote and encourage the development of entrepreneurship. This could be seen in terms of finance, provision of infrastructural facilities, policies and moral encouragement among others too numerous to mention.

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

According to (Olagunju, 2008), the problem encountered in an effort to give entrepreneurship a boost include shortage and inadequate infrastructural facilities and unsafe transportation system coupled with collapse road network in Nigeria. Entrepreneur who are engaged in distributive trade are greatly hampered by this factor. Many entrepreneurs lack credit facilities, building/ shop and water supply to enable them produce because most of them cannot afford the huge capital that is required to start up a business. In addition to this, the power supply has been disappointing. Lack of trust by Nigerians is also seen as a problem facing entrepreneurship development. Many Nigerians do not believe and trust the ability and capability of our local entrepreneurs. There is this common believe that whatever is made in Nigeria is inferior to that made from abroad. This has seriously affected the fortunes of the local entrepreneurs as many of them lack patronage.

Another problem of entrepreneurship in the country is lack of education and technical knowhow by many entrepreneurs. Many of the entrepreneurs are illiterates or with little education without the needed technological skills.

1.3     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Entrepreneurship has occupied a very important place in the policies and programmes of private individuals and governments at different levels due to the role it plays in the economy, particularly in generating employment opportunities. To achieve these objectives this research will attempt to answer the following questions.

       i.            Has Entrepreneurship education play an important role in employment generation and economic development.

     ii.            Has Entrepreneurship education been able to reduce unemployment rate in Nigeria particularly in Ogun State.

  iii.            Does the challenge of Entrepreneurship affect development in Nigeria?

  iv.            What are the effective measures to be taken to tackle unemployment in Nigeria?

1.4     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The primary objective of this research is to ascertain the role of entrepreneurship education in employment generation in Nigeria with Ogun State as a case study. However, there are other secondary objectives that this research will try to analyze, these include:

       i.            To examine the role of entrepreneurship education in employment generation and economic development

     ii.            To assess the rate of employment generation in Nigeria

  iii.            To examine how entrepreneurship education can improve economic development in Nigeria.

  iv.            To identify some entrepreneurship activities being ventured into

     v.            To analyze the problems of entrepreneurship in Nigeria.

1.5     RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The main purpose of this research is to enable us determine the role played by entrepreneurship education in generating employment in Nigeria. Therefore the hypothesis to be tested in this study is the Null hypotheses (Ho0) against the alternative hypothesis (H1) at 5% level of significance. Thus,

H0₁: Entrepreneurship education has no significant role on employment generation in Ogun State.

H0₂: Entrepreneurship education has significant role on employment generation in Ogun State.

H0₃: Employment generation has no significant role in the development of Ogun State economy.

H0₄: Employment generation has significant role in the development of Ogun State economy.

1.6     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of this research is providing valuable understanding of the role played by entrepreneurship education in employment generation in the Nigerian economy and therefore identify ways to encourage entrepreneurship towards employment generation and economic development. This research is not only beneficial to the researcher in his academic pursuit and in broadening his educational horizon but also beneficial in providing recommendations to the unemployed, students, entrepreneurs policy makers and the society in general.

Entrepreneurship has turned out to be a substantial engine of development in Nigeria. Specially, one of the most important and immediate benefits of entrepreneurship is its ability to create employment for both the skilled, unskilled, the highly educated, the less educated and even illiterate members of the society thereby reducing the level of the social vices.

To the unemployed, most especially University and College graduates, this research has the potential o developing an entrepreneurial spirit in their hearts, inspiring them to develop a feasible business, ideas, building the business venture and managing them to successfully growth and maturity.

The introduction of entrepreneurship development curricula in our educational system (secondary and tertiary institutions) is geared at stimulating and entrepreneurial spirit among students. This research therefore provides them with the basics of entrepreneurship.

To Policy Makers, the research serves as an insight into the role of entrepreneurship on employment generation by examining the challenges of entrepreneurship in Nigeria. It also provides an analytical data that becomes a necessary guide for information and decision making.

To the Entrepreneurs, this research will serve as a guide to them in carrying our feasibility studies and also provide them with the basic foundation and information needed to start a business.

Finally to the Society, this research has the potential of making a society be productive as it tries to identify some profitable business that can be ventured into which will in turn increase their income and the country’s gross domestic product (GDP).

1.7     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This research covers a period of ten (10) years from 2002 to 2012 and it is restricted to the role of entrepreneurship on employment generation in Nigeria using Ogun state as the case study. it is assumed that what is obtained in terms of operational practices and policies regarding the role of entrepreneurship on employment generation will be generally applicable to other state in Nigeria.

 

1.8     LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The limitation faced while carrying out this work are too numerous to mention, but among them are; unavailability of library facilities within the study environment, inadequate of secondary data materials, restriction of some documents for the study considerations etc.

1.9     DEFINITION OF TERMS

Personality: This is the whole person’s outstanding characteristic, his abilities, his emotional and social traits, his interest and attitude by Lovell K. (1973). Warens dictiponary defines personality as the integrative organisation of all the cognitive, affective and physical characteristic of an individual as it manifest in focal distinction from others.

Entrepreneurship: This refers to the process of creating a new enterprise and bearing any of its risks, with the view of making profit.

Entrepreneurship Education: This is a collection of formalized teachings that informs, trains and educates anyone interested in participating socioeconomic development through a project to promote entrepreneurship awareness, business creation or small business development.

Employment: This is an agreement between  an individual and another entity that stipulates the responsibilities, payment terms and arrangement, rules of the workplace and is recognized by the government.

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The Effect of Unemployment on Economic Output

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CHAPTER ONE 

INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background to the study

            As history would have it, Nigeria as a nation has experienced several forms of economic, political and social unrest. In recent times unemployment which is caused by individual and government force had joined the list of the social evils, we experience in Nigeria today. The issue of unemployment has become a world-wide phenomenon demanding for increased attention, though the impact is more devasting in developing nation (Wamu Konya 2003). Unemployment or jobless occur when people who are without jobs and they are actively sought out for work within the past few weeks (international labour organization 1982 ;fajana 2000). However, the number of people in any country is divided into two groups, the economically active group and the ineconomically active group. According to Njoku and Ihugba (2011), the economically active group (labour forces) are the groups that are willing are able to work, including those who are actively engaged  in the production of goods and services (employed) and those who are not employed  on the other hand , the economically active group refer to neither people who are not looking for jobs nor those who are not capacity enough as a result of health related issues. To further buttress this definition unemployment as the number of the economically active population who are without job but available and seeking for work including people who have lost their job and those who have voluntary left work ( world bank 1998)

            Official figures from the bureau of statistics put the figure of unemployment  at 1970 percent about 30 million, but this figure this did not include about 40 million other Nigeria youth captured in the world bank statistic in 2009. By implication, it means that if Nigeria population is 140 million, then 50% of Nigerians are unemployed. We can conclude from this information above that unemployment rate pose a serious threat to Nigeria economy and can have a devastating impact on people live. It affects not just the unemployed people but also family members and the whole economy. In fact (Yesufu 2005) said in Nigeria, unemployment is growing at associate degree frightful proportion rendering  seventy percentof the youthjobless. This downside is exeberated as establishment of learning are turning out large numbers of graduates yearly without job opportunities within the labor market .This troop of idle youths parading all the major street seeking for jobs is alarming, thereby constituting socio economic issue to the society.

            Aside from representing a massive waste of country’s work force resources, the incidence of unemployment in the country has led to the upsurge of crime, social and political tension like cultism, stickup, whoredom, thuggery, white plague, among other as also supported by Iyoha (2002), obadan and odusola (2005) as they also stated that unemployment breeds social vices as well as reduces national output and financial gain it erodes human capital, causes misery poverty, social unrest and despair for the idle and with resultant effect on the economic process. However, for many years, diverse programs have been formulated and implemented by past and present government to deal with the menace some of which are: National economic management and Development strategy (NEEDS), National directorate of employment and more, hence the unemployment rate continues to remain threatful to the nation.

It is against this background that this study seek to evaluate the causes, the effects and possibly proffer way forward in tackling the problems of unemployment in Nigeria.

Several studies were examined in the literature review to focus on effect of unemployment on economic growth among which are owanchuku (2015) Akiri, Okunakpo and Anebi-Atede (2016) Sibusiso(2018) Despite the fact that unemployment is claimed to have an impact on economic growth and development it is vital to check dynamic relationship that existence between them.

            We also made use of Okunlaw in the theoretical frame work to explain or study the relationship between unemployment level. In the most basic form Okunlaw investigate the statistical relationship between a country's unemployment rate and the growth rate of its economy.

1.2.   Statement of the problem

  The level of unemployment in Nigeria has grown large that it’s cannot be addressed by mere campaign or words of the world at large to formulate a lasting solutionto it. Unemployment in Nigeria has affect the youth and the economic development of the country from a broad spectrum of socio economic perspective. It’s obvious that unemployment especially that of graduate impede Nigeria’s progress in several ways. Apart from the economic waste it brought to the nation, it also constitute political unrest for the country (Ipaye 1998). According to Ezie (2012), the unemployment situation in Nigeria is disturbing and even more disheartening that the country economic situation cannot absorb an optimal proportion of it’slabour force. This situation has contributed to the increase in crime and other social vice experienced in our society in recent times because an idle mind is always the devil workshop.

      A cursory look at the unemployment and economic growth trend of Nigeria shows that high unemployment hinder growth. They range from increase government expenditure, giving industrialist tax holiday to encourage industrialization and even the use of monetary policy instrument such as reducing commercial bank lending rate to encourage investment through borrowing.

    Recently, the idea of self-employment (entrepreneurship) is gaining popularity. The government encourage by giving young entrepreneurship funds to start up their business. Despite all these efforts, unemployment continues to be on the increase and hinder growth. It is against this background that seek to investigate how the it effect of unemployment on economic growth. In order to proffer solutions as to how to accelerate the rate of growth of the Nigeria economy.

1.3. Research Question ( the following researched question will be adopted)

1.      What is the trend of unemployment rate and economic growth in Nigeria?

2.      How does unemployment affect economic growth in Nigeria.

1.4.    Objectives of the study

The broad objective of the study is to examine the effect of unemployment on economic output, The specific objectives are;

1. To Examine the trend of unemployment and economic growth in Nigeria.

2. To determine the effect of unemployment on economic output in Nigeria from 1986 to 2018.

1 .5.     Research Hypothesis

The relevant research Hypothesis for this study is expressed as:

1.      Unemployment rate has no significant effect on economic output in Nigeria.

2.      Unemployment rate has significant effect on economic output in Nigeria.

1.6.     Significance of the study

            The study will provide econometric base upon which to examine the effect of unemployment on the Nigeria economy which will be useful to Nigeria as a whole.

  The study will add to intellectual value of Nigerians. The knowledge of the effect of unemployment will be very useful as it will broaden individual outlook, sharpen their intellectual and inculcate in them a habit of balanced thinking. The study will also educate the government and youth who ignored entrepreneurship in pursuit of white collar jobs in the office.

        The outcome of the study will be immense benefit to policymakers, such as government and it’s agencies in providing a platform for designing favorable government policies that will be consistent with the Nigeria economic environment. Beside resolving the theoretical debates providing empirical evidence on impact of unemployment on the Nigeria economy will help in formulating government policies that will enhance growth couple with development. Undoubtedly, understanding the impact of unemployment and economic output forms the first basic step in designing appropriate government in the country.

1.7 Sources of Data and Basic Methodology

Primary source is an account of an event by a researcher at a time while secondary source is that which is written about the past from the point of view of a future date. Secondary source is needed because the study employed the use of secondary data,that is about the past. The study utilized secondary data from relevant textbooks, journal and central bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin.

The study employed both qualitative and descriptive analysis techniques.The qualitative analysis ws carried out through the use of ordinary least square (OLS) regression while the descriptive analysis was used to access the trend pattern of government capital spending vis-a-vis economic growth in Nigeria. There are use of graphs and tables.

1.8 Limitation of the study

It is worthy to note that every research work possess a lot of problems and limitations. However the difficulties encountered includes, inadequate and unavailability of relevant data owing to the fact that unemployment in most developing countries, Nigeria inclusively is not evenly distributed and thus varies from a place to another, financial constraint, high cost of transportation and the difficulty in locating the various research  material needed. As such, I will have to rely more on secondary data than primary data.

1.9 Operational Definition of Term

Unemployment:Unemployment is a situation in which those who are able and willing to work at the prevailing wage rate do not find job. According to the International Labour Organisation (ILO), only those belonging to the age group of 15 to 65 years should be included in the labour force of a country. Unemployment may also be defined as the gap between potential full employment and the number of employed  persons.

Economic Growth and Development:economic growth and development is often measured by gross domestic products. It is conceptualized as increase of an economy’s capacity to produce goods and services needed to improve the welfare of the country’s citizens.

Gross Domestic product (GDP) : This is the market value of the final goods and services produced within the economy at a given period of time.

Government Expenditure : This refers to money spent by public sector on the acquisition of goods and provision of services such as education, health care, social protection and defense.

Investment : This is the value of fixed capital assets ( plus stock ) produced in an economy over a period of time. It refers to the creation of capital goods.

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Effects of Teacher’s Personality on the Academic Performance of Students in Ijebu North Local Government Area of Ogun State

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF STUDY

A teacher is a person engaged in interactive behavior with one or more students for the purpose of effecting a change in those students. The change, whether it is to be in knowledge (cognitive), skill (psychomotor) or feeling states (affective), is intentional on the part of the teacher (McNeil and Popham, 1973). This designation distinguishes the teacher from instructional materials and other school personnel.

The essential task of the teacher is to arrange the conditions of the learner's environment so that the processes of learning will be activated, supported, enhanced, and maintained (Gagne, 1976). Teacher management style is a crucial factor in arranging the conditions of the learner's environment for effective teaching.

Personality management style may be viewed as the dynamic organization of those traits and characteristic patterns of behavior that are unique to the individual (Callahan, 1966). Some social psychologists take the position that management style is purely a matter of social perception that it is meaningless to speak of anyone 's management style apart from the particular people who interact with him, get impressions about him, and use trait terms in describing him (Holt, 1971) .

A trait is a simple behavioral pattern - a disposition or tendency to behave in a describable way. According to Allport (1966), a trait (1) is more generalized than a habit, (2) is dynamic and determinative in behaviour, (3) may be viewed either in the 1ight of the management style which contains it, or in the light of its distribution in the population at large, and (4) cannot be proved nonexistent by the sheer fact that some acts are inconsistent with it.

Research on teacher personality is based on the assumption that the teacher as a person is a significant variable in the teaching-1earning process. Management style influences the behaviour of the teacher in diverse ways, such as interaction with students, methods selected, and learning experiences chosen (Murray, 1972).

The effective use of a teacher's personality is essential in conducting instructional activities. Management style aids teaching, for communication takes place between the teacher and the learner even in the absence of the spoken word (nonverbal communication). The teacher whose personality helps create and maintain a classroom or learning environment in which students feel comfortable and in which they are motivated to learn is said to have a desirable teaching management style (Callahan, 1966).

Each individual has characteristic attributes of management style which influence both the manner in which he behaves toward others and the ways in which they respond to him. The teacher with pervasive authoritarian characteristics, for example, is likely to reflect them in his relationships with students and in the techniques he uses in his instruction (Morrison and Mclntyre, 1912).

This study is set to investigate the effects of teacher's personality on school discipline in secondary schools. The importance of management style type and leadership behaviour among teachers in school administration cannot be over looked given the background that it determines the extent to which a school goal and objectives can be achieved. It must be noted that one cannot talk about teachers personality without mentioning the leadership behaviour of teachers in school discipline. Thus,

The school teachers' leadership behaviour and management style type influences both the students and other teachers in term of school discipline.

A teacher is exposed to three types of leadership style: Authoritarian leadership style, Democratic leadership style and lastly, the Laissez Faire leadership style (Falodun, 2003). The leadership style adopted by the School teacher often determines the perception which the students and other teachers will have about school discipline.

For instance, if a secondary school teacher adopts the authoritarian leadership style, this will invariably influence the perception or the students that teachers are autocratic, rigid and unforgiving. This will also make students to tag school discipline as harsh and unfriendly. Olaleye (2008) contents that leadership behaviour of the school principal, either male or female contributes to a range of perception which the students have about their teachers.

Research on management style type of school teachers has for long being of interest to educational manager and evaluation experts. To some authorities, management style is important because it directly affect the school learning culture; others have argued that the management style of teachers usually enhance the school discipline. Adetona (2003) noted that the task of any school teacher is to produce well educated boys and girls through effective teaching and discipline. Management style type of a teacher often determines the leadership behaviour of such teacher in effecting discipline in a classroom situation or within the school environment. School discipline is associated with higher students' motivation, good academic performance, and improved attitudes of the students towards their teachers.

A significant challenge for secondary school teachers in Nigeria today is to identify the students need and the type of leadership model to be employed in transforming the students. The leadership model developed by Bass and Avolio 1997) identified three leadership behaviours. First is the Transformational Leadership Behaviour and can be identified by certain behaviour which includes inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. Secondly, The Transactional Leadership behaviour which can also be identified with exchange of rewards tor meeting agreed upon objectives. This leadership behaviour monitors the students to ensure mistakes are not made but allows group work among the students. In this case, the female teachers intervene only when things go case wrong. Thirdly, the Non-Leadership Construct, popularly known as the Laissez Faire leadership behaviour where the female teacher leaves the students to their own devices as well as giving them no direction.

Empirical research evidence shows that students' perception of their school teacher’s management style type emanates from the leadership model employed by the teacher. employed by the teacher. Again, students' perception of their teacher's management style, especially the female teachers is found to be a stereotyped one (Adebowale, 2007). It follows that it is not only the It follows that it is not only the management style and leadership behaviour of the school teachers that form the perception of the students about schoo1 discipline but also certain factors which include societal view of discipline; the religious contention of the role of discipline in learning; peer perception about school discipline and even, the values a family holds about the values a family holds about discipline.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The issue of declining academic performance of students in Nigeria secondary schools has generated much interest among stakeholders in the education sector.  The quality of secondary education has not kept abreast of the expansion in enrolment. Although, this according to UNESCO (2001) continues to be a global concern, it is the general belief that teachers personality affect students performance. In a way therefore, what constitutes competence in teaching is intimately connected with the type of teacher education programmes available for preparing secondary school teachers.

The quality of education depends on the ability, hard work, personality and behavior of the instructors and teachers, many teachers have under-estimated the impact of their behavior and personality on students’ academic performance. Teachers are considered the most crucial factor in implementing all instructional purposes and students' performance is tied into the teachers' capability. Teachers therefore, need to be aware that their personality has a paramount role in improving students' achievements. It is imperative to determine the relationship between teachers' personality and students' achievement in any educational system.

On the other hand, there has been little research with regard to the link between teachers' personality and student’s academic achievement. The researcher will conduct a study in this area and he hopes that the findings of the study will
significantly contribute to inform teachers to know that their personality will influence the academic achievement of the students.  All these strategies are planned for the purpose of improving the teaching methods. However, most of the emphases are not focused on personality which in many studies, it was  proven that personality is one of the factors in improving the  teaching effectiveness However, the problems may arise on  how to identify the personality dimension of teacher based  on: Is there any relationship between personality and  teaching effectiveness and how it influences their teaching  effectiveness?

This study sought to “Determine the effects of teacher’s personality on the academic performance of students in Ijebu North Local Government Area of Ogun State.

1.3     PURPOSE OF STUDY

The purpose of this study is to

       i.            Find out the pattern of discipline among teachers in secondary school

     ii.            Discuss the concept of personality in relation to teachers’ traits

  iii.            Discuss the correlation between personality type and leadership behaviour of teachers in secondary school

  iv.            Examine the effects of teachers’ personality on discipline in secondary school

1.4     RESEARCH QUESTION

       i.            Is there any significant relevance of the use of academically qualified teachers in teaching?

     ii.            Is there any significant effect of the use of instructional materials on the teaching of student academic performance?

  iii.            Is there any relationship between school discipline and students academic performance?

  iv.            Is there any significant difference in teaching performance between male and female teachers?

1.5     SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The study when conducted will serve the following:

       i.            Enhance a desire to be professional in teaching from the side of the teacher has this can better the students understanding of the subject

     ii.            Enhance students and teachers alike to understand the importance of practical chemistry to the effective teaching and learning of the subject

  iii.            Give an insight to the importance of the use of instructional materials to enhance effective teaching.

1.6     DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

There are many limitations that may hinder smooth process of this research. This includes:

       i.            Wrong information may be provided by the respondent, this might result from the respondent, feeling he has no enough time to assimilate the question

     ii.            Short time limit imposed on the project

  iii.            Lack of sufficient materials and money

1.7     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The research topic for this study is the effect of teacher’s personality on the academic performance and of students in Ijebu North local government. 15 secondary schools were selected where 10 teachers (including other science teachers) and 15 students each were selected, this is as a result of time limit and other factors.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: Academic achievement or academic performance is the extent to which a student, teacher or institution has attained their short or long-term educational goals.

LEADER: This is person who by action of guiding, giving examples of encouragement by activities directs, the affairs of a group, or organization.

MANAGEMENT: This is the process of completing a desired task by ensuring that a group of work is done well together and that each individual plays his or her maximum part.

MOTIVATION: These are those things, situations or conditions which when provided for an individual would make each person want to work harder for higher productivity.

PERSONALITY: Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. The study of personality focuses on two broad areas: One is understanding individual differences in particular personality characteristics, such as sociability or irritability.

PRODUCTIVITY: This is the optimal utilization of the human and material resources of an organization in order to achieve the goal of the organization. It is researching the highest level of performance with the least expenditure of resources.

TRANSACTIONAL LEADER: This is a leader who focus mainly on the task or job requirements.

TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADER: This is a leader who promotes interpersonal relationship through creating vision, encouraging commitments from all and institutionalizing changes.

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