The Role of Entrepreneurship Education in Employment Generation in Nigeria with Ogun State as a case study

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CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The twenty first century has been tagged the “entrepreneurial age”. This is because entrepreneurship is seen as one of the basic means of stimulating economic growth and development through the generation of greater employment opportunities, development of local technological base and conservation of foreign exchange earning of national governments (Sule, 1986; World Bank, 1995).

Right from independence in 1960, unemployment has been rising phenomenon and as result many Nigerians have become jobless to the extent that government itself may not actually know the rate of unemployment today. Many of the jobless persons have taken to crimes like arm robbery, drug trafficking and prostitution among others. This problem of unemployment has been further worsened by various factors, peculiar to the Nigerian situations. These include poor planning or no planning at all, micro-economy, that is, total dependence on oil with its attendant price fluctuations in the world market, political and civil instability among others (Olagunju, 2008).

It is in realization of the damage of unemployment that the Federal Government has put in place policies and programmes such as the establishment of the National Directorate of Employment (NDE) in 1986 to work out strategies for dealing with the mass unemployment in the country especially among school leavers and Universities graduates. This makes the unemployed persons to be self reliant and self employed by acquiring skills in any trade of their choice as a means of earning a living. A person who has acquired a skill becomes employed of labour instead of searching for a white collar job that does not exist (Musa, 2000).

What has come from the poor state of Nigerian economy, at least from the beginning of 1980, is that many are learning and wishing to be their own boss rather than looking up to government for employment. Today, there are university and college graduate who have established businesses of their own and are carrying on well. Businesses being ventured into include: poultry, farming, animal rearing, hairdressing, barbing, soap making, block making, baking, commercial transportation, distributive trade, estate agency, tailoring, laundry and dry cleaning, Office and industrial cleaning. All these enterprises are established and managed by individuals who desire to be economically independent and also want to contribute their quota to the development of the nation. Today, such enterprises are spread all over the places, in cities, towns and village across the country (Nwoye, 1994).

What is interesting is that government (at various levels) is gradually beginning to realize that these enterprises could be the corner stone of the greatness of the Nigerian economy. Perhaps, this is why various governments are doing one thing or the other to promote and encourage the development of private entrepreneurship.

Ogun state being one of the thirty-six states that make up the Federal Republic of Nigeria, has put in place some measures to promote and encourage the development of entrepreneurship. This could be seen in terms of finance, provision of infrastructural facilities, policies and moral encouragement among others too numerous to mention.

1.2     STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

According to (Olagunju, 2008), the problem encountered in an effort to give entrepreneurship a boost include shortage and inadequate infrastructural facilities and unsafe transportation system coupled with collapse road network in Nigeria. Entrepreneur who are engaged in distributive trade are greatly hampered by this factor. Many entrepreneurs lack credit facilities, building/ shop and water supply to enable them produce because most of them cannot afford the huge capital that is required to start up a business. In addition to this, the power supply has been disappointing. Lack of trust by Nigerians is also seen as a problem facing entrepreneurship development. Many Nigerians do not believe and trust the ability and capability of our local entrepreneurs. There is this common believe that whatever is made in Nigeria is inferior to that made from abroad. This has seriously affected the fortunes of the local entrepreneurs as many of them lack patronage.

Another problem of entrepreneurship in the country is lack of education and technical knowhow by many entrepreneurs. Many of the entrepreneurs are illiterates or with little education without the needed technological skills.

1.3     RESEARCH QUESTIONS

Entrepreneurship has occupied a very important place in the policies and programmes of private individuals and governments at different levels due to the role it plays in the economy, particularly in generating employment opportunities. To achieve these objectives this research will attempt to answer the following questions.

       i.            Has Entrepreneurship education play an important role in employment generation and economic development.

     ii.            Has Entrepreneurship education been able to reduce unemployment rate in Nigeria particularly in Ogun State.

  iii.            Does the challenge of Entrepreneurship affect development in Nigeria?

  iv.            What are the effective measures to be taken to tackle unemployment in Nigeria?

1.4     OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The primary objective of this research is to ascertain the role of entrepreneurship education in employment generation in Nigeria with Ogun State as a case study. However, there are other secondary objectives that this research will try to analyze, these include:

       i.            To examine the role of entrepreneurship education in employment generation and economic development

     ii.            To assess the rate of employment generation in Nigeria

  iii.            To examine how entrepreneurship education can improve economic development in Nigeria.

  iv.            To identify some entrepreneurship activities being ventured into

     v.            To analyze the problems of entrepreneurship in Nigeria.

1.5     RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

The main purpose of this research is to enable us determine the role played by entrepreneurship education in generating employment in Nigeria. Therefore the hypothesis to be tested in this study is the Null hypotheses (Ho0) against the alternative hypothesis (H1) at 5% level of significance. Thus,

H0₁: Entrepreneurship education has no significant role on employment generation in Ogun State.

H0₂: Entrepreneurship education has significant role on employment generation in Ogun State.

H0₃: Employment generation has no significant role in the development of Ogun State economy.

H0₄: Employment generation has significant role in the development of Ogun State economy.

1.6     SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

The significance of this research is providing valuable understanding of the role played by entrepreneurship education in employment generation in the Nigerian economy and therefore identify ways to encourage entrepreneurship towards employment generation and economic development. This research is not only beneficial to the researcher in his academic pursuit and in broadening his educational horizon but also beneficial in providing recommendations to the unemployed, students, entrepreneurs policy makers and the society in general.

Entrepreneurship has turned out to be a substantial engine of development in Nigeria. Specially, one of the most important and immediate benefits of entrepreneurship is its ability to create employment for both the skilled, unskilled, the highly educated, the less educated and even illiterate members of the society thereby reducing the level of the social vices.

To the unemployed, most especially University and College graduates, this research has the potential o developing an entrepreneurial spirit in their hearts, inspiring them to develop a feasible business, ideas, building the business venture and managing them to successfully growth and maturity.

The introduction of entrepreneurship development curricula in our educational system (secondary and tertiary institutions) is geared at stimulating and entrepreneurial spirit among students. This research therefore provides them with the basics of entrepreneurship.

To Policy Makers, the research serves as an insight into the role of entrepreneurship on employment generation by examining the challenges of entrepreneurship in Nigeria. It also provides an analytical data that becomes a necessary guide for information and decision making.

To the Entrepreneurs, this research will serve as a guide to them in carrying our feasibility studies and also provide them with the basic foundation and information needed to start a business.

Finally to the Society, this research has the potential of making a society be productive as it tries to identify some profitable business that can be ventured into which will in turn increase their income and the country’s gross domestic product (GDP).

1.7     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

This research covers a period of ten (10) years from 2002 to 2012 and it is restricted to the role of entrepreneurship on employment generation in Nigeria using Ogun state as the case study. it is assumed that what is obtained in terms of operational practices and policies regarding the role of entrepreneurship on employment generation will be generally applicable to other state in Nigeria.

 

1.8     LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The limitation faced while carrying out this work are too numerous to mention, but among them are; unavailability of library facilities within the study environment, inadequate of secondary data materials, restriction of some documents for the study considerations etc.

1.9     DEFINITION OF TERMS

Personality: This is the whole person’s outstanding characteristic, his abilities, his emotional and social traits, his interest and attitude by Lovell K. (1973). Warens dictiponary defines personality as the integrative organisation of all the cognitive, affective and physical characteristic of an individual as it manifest in focal distinction from others.

Entrepreneurship: This refers to the process of creating a new enterprise and bearing any of its risks, with the view of making profit.

Entrepreneurship Education: This is a collection of formalized teachings that informs, trains and educates anyone interested in participating socioeconomic development through a project to promote entrepreneurship awareness, business creation or small business development.

Employment: This is an agreement between  an individual and another entity that stipulates the responsibilities, payment terms and arrangement, rules of the workplace and is recognized by the government.

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Effects of Teacher’s Personality on the Academic Performance of Students in Ijebu North Local Government Area of Ogun State

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CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

1.1     BACKGROUND OF STUDY

A teacher is a person engaged in interactive behavior with one or more students for the purpose of effecting a change in those students. The change, whether it is to be in knowledge (cognitive), skill (psychomotor) or feeling states (affective), is intentional on the part of the teacher (McNeil and Popham, 1973). This designation distinguishes the teacher from instructional materials and other school personnel.

The essential task of the teacher is to arrange the conditions of the learner's environment so that the processes of learning will be activated, supported, enhanced, and maintained (Gagne, 1976). Teacher management style is a crucial factor in arranging the conditions of the learner's environment for effective teaching.

Personality management style may be viewed as the dynamic organization of those traits and characteristic patterns of behavior that are unique to the individual (Callahan, 1966). Some social psychologists take the position that management style is purely a matter of social perception that it is meaningless to speak of anyone 's management style apart from the particular people who interact with him, get impressions about him, and use trait terms in describing him (Holt, 1971) .

A trait is a simple behavioral pattern - a disposition or tendency to behave in a describable way. According to Allport (1966), a trait (1) is more generalized than a habit, (2) is dynamic and determinative in behaviour, (3) may be viewed either in the 1ight of the management style which contains it, or in the light of its distribution in the population at large, and (4) cannot be proved nonexistent by the sheer fact that some acts are inconsistent with it.

Research on teacher personality is based on the assumption that the teacher as a person is a significant variable in the teaching-1earning process. Management style influences the behaviour of the teacher in diverse ways, such as interaction with students, methods selected, and learning experiences chosen (Murray, 1972).

The effective use of a teacher's personality is essential in conducting instructional activities. Management style aids teaching, for communication takes place between the teacher and the learner even in the absence of the spoken word (nonverbal communication). The teacher whose personality helps create and maintain a classroom or learning environment in which students feel comfortable and in which they are motivated to learn is said to have a desirable teaching management style (Callahan, 1966).

Each individual has characteristic attributes of management style which influence both the manner in which he behaves toward others and the ways in which they respond to him. The teacher with pervasive authoritarian characteristics, for example, is likely to reflect them in his relationships with students and in the techniques he uses in his instruction (Morrison and Mclntyre, 1912).

This study is set to investigate the effects of teacher's personality on school discipline in secondary schools. The importance of management style type and leadership behaviour among teachers in school administration cannot be over looked given the background that it determines the extent to which a school goal and objectives can be achieved. It must be noted that one cannot talk about teachers personality without mentioning the leadership behaviour of teachers in school discipline. Thus,

The school teachers' leadership behaviour and management style type influences both the students and other teachers in term of school discipline.

A teacher is exposed to three types of leadership style: Authoritarian leadership style, Democratic leadership style and lastly, the Laissez Faire leadership style (Falodun, 2003). The leadership style adopted by the School teacher often determines the perception which the students and other teachers will have about school discipline.

For instance, if a secondary school teacher adopts the authoritarian leadership style, this will invariably influence the perception or the students that teachers are autocratic, rigid and unforgiving. This will also make students to tag school discipline as harsh and unfriendly. Olaleye (2008) contents that leadership behaviour of the school principal, either male or female contributes to a range of perception which the students have about their teachers.

Research on management style type of school teachers has for long being of interest to educational manager and evaluation experts. To some authorities, management style is important because it directly affect the school learning culture; others have argued that the management style of teachers usually enhance the school discipline. Adetona (2003) noted that the task of any school teacher is to produce well educated boys and girls through effective teaching and discipline. Management style type of a teacher often determines the leadership behaviour of such teacher in effecting discipline in a classroom situation or within the school environment. School discipline is associated with higher students' motivation, good academic performance, and improved attitudes of the students towards their teachers.

A significant challenge for secondary school teachers in Nigeria today is to identify the students need and the type of leadership model to be employed in transforming the students. The leadership model developed by Bass and Avolio 1997) identified three leadership behaviours. First is the Transformational Leadership Behaviour and can be identified by certain behaviour which includes inspirational motivation, intellectual stimulation, and individualized consideration. Secondly, The Transactional Leadership behaviour which can also be identified with exchange of rewards tor meeting agreed upon objectives. This leadership behaviour monitors the students to ensure mistakes are not made but allows group work among the students. In this case, the female teachers intervene only when things go case wrong. Thirdly, the Non-Leadership Construct, popularly known as the Laissez Faire leadership behaviour where the female teacher leaves the students to their own devices as well as giving them no direction.

Empirical research evidence shows that students' perception of their school teacher’s management style type emanates from the leadership model employed by the teacher. employed by the teacher. Again, students' perception of their teacher's management style, especially the female teachers is found to be a stereotyped one (Adebowale, 2007). It follows that it is not only the It follows that it is not only the management style and leadership behaviour of the school teachers that form the perception of the students about schoo1 discipline but also certain factors which include societal view of discipline; the religious contention of the role of discipline in learning; peer perception about school discipline and even, the values a family holds about the values a family holds about discipline.

 

1.2     STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The issue of declining academic performance of students in Nigeria secondary schools has generated much interest among stakeholders in the education sector.  The quality of secondary education has not kept abreast of the expansion in enrolment. Although, this according to UNESCO (2001) continues to be a global concern, it is the general belief that teachers personality affect students performance. In a way therefore, what constitutes competence in teaching is intimately connected with the type of teacher education programmes available for preparing secondary school teachers.

The quality of education depends on the ability, hard work, personality and behavior of the instructors and teachers, many teachers have under-estimated the impact of their behavior and personality on students’ academic performance. Teachers are considered the most crucial factor in implementing all instructional purposes and students' performance is tied into the teachers' capability. Teachers therefore, need to be aware that their personality has a paramount role in improving students' achievements. It is imperative to determine the relationship between teachers' personality and students' achievement in any educational system.

On the other hand, there has been little research with regard to the link between teachers' personality and student’s academic achievement. The researcher will conduct a study in this area and he hopes that the findings of the study will
significantly contribute to inform teachers to know that their personality will influence the academic achievement of the students.  All these strategies are planned for the purpose of improving the teaching methods. However, most of the emphases are not focused on personality which in many studies, it was  proven that personality is one of the factors in improving the  teaching effectiveness However, the problems may arise on  how to identify the personality dimension of teacher based  on: Is there any relationship between personality and  teaching effectiveness and how it influences their teaching  effectiveness?

This study sought to “Determine the effects of teacher’s personality on the academic performance of students in Ijebu North Local Government Area of Ogun State.

1.3     PURPOSE OF STUDY

The purpose of this study is to

       i.            Find out the pattern of discipline among teachers in secondary school

     ii.            Discuss the concept of personality in relation to teachers’ traits

  iii.            Discuss the correlation between personality type and leadership behaviour of teachers in secondary school

  iv.            Examine the effects of teachers’ personality on discipline in secondary school

1.4     RESEARCH QUESTION

       i.            Is there any significant relevance of the use of academically qualified teachers in teaching?

     ii.            Is there any significant effect of the use of instructional materials on the teaching of student academic performance?

  iii.            Is there any relationship between school discipline and students academic performance?

  iv.            Is there any significant difference in teaching performance between male and female teachers?

1.5     SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The study when conducted will serve the following:

       i.            Enhance a desire to be professional in teaching from the side of the teacher has this can better the students understanding of the subject

     ii.            Enhance students and teachers alike to understand the importance of practical chemistry to the effective teaching and learning of the subject

  iii.            Give an insight to the importance of the use of instructional materials to enhance effective teaching.

1.6     DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

There are many limitations that may hinder smooth process of this research. This includes:

       i.            Wrong information may be provided by the respondent, this might result from the respondent, feeling he has no enough time to assimilate the question

     ii.            Short time limit imposed on the project

  iii.            Lack of sufficient materials and money

1.7     SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The research topic for this study is the effect of teacher’s personality on the academic performance and of students in Ijebu North local government. 15 secondary schools were selected where 10 teachers (including other science teachers) and 15 students each were selected, this is as a result of time limit and other factors.

1.8 DEFINITION OF TERMS

ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE: Academic achievement or academic performance is the extent to which a student, teacher or institution has attained their short or long-term educational goals.

LEADER: This is person who by action of guiding, giving examples of encouragement by activities directs, the affairs of a group, or organization.

MANAGEMENT: This is the process of completing a desired task by ensuring that a group of work is done well together and that each individual plays his or her maximum part.

MOTIVATION: These are those things, situations or conditions which when provided for an individual would make each person want to work harder for higher productivity.

PERSONALITY: Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. The study of personality focuses on two broad areas: One is understanding individual differences in particular personality characteristics, such as sociability or irritability.

PRODUCTIVITY: This is the optimal utilization of the human and material resources of an organization in order to achieve the goal of the organization. It is researching the highest level of performance with the least expenditure of resources.

TRANSACTIONAL LEADER: This is a leader who focus mainly on the task or job requirements.

TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADER: This is a leader who promotes interpersonal relationship through creating vision, encouraging commitments from all and institutionalizing changes.

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THE INFLUENCE OF ICT ON ORGANISATIONAL PROFITABILITY IN OGUN EAST SENATORIAL DISTRICT

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CHAPTER ONE 

INTRODUCTION

1.1    Background to the study

Social media is a channel of communication that has become one of the most prominent means of exchanging information between organizations and the public. Social media communication is an online platform promoting international collaborations and information sharing among different users of social media. This digital technology innovation is made possible by the emergence of network bandwidth which enables individuals to connect to the internet at the comfort of their locations and share valuable contents for personal and business development (Kietzmann et al, 2011).

In the work of Cheung et al. (2011), it was discussed that social media communication is the use of social networks online for the purpose of creating business value, self-discovery, creating value in entertainment, social development, as well as achieving interpersonal relationship with others. Social media comprises of Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Website, Blog, Online Community, Email, and so on, and these channels offer various opportunities for people to share their activities with families, acquaintances, and friends using texts, videos, audios, and pictures. However, social media communication has contributed significantly to organizations in recent times. In the study of Smith and Taglino (2014), it was posited that companies that have integrated social media communication into their innovative system have recorded much progress compare to those companies that are reluctant to adopt the same. The significance of this theory is that investment in social media technology offers a lot of benefits to organizations in this contemporary society, and even though these investments come with different costs covering cost of implementing social media technology and cost of promotions, the benefits exceed the costs. Another notable contribution of social media communication is that it has helped to improve the system of running businesses in a digital way such that many businesses have now considered social media as the easiest and convenient means of reaching out to a large audience as against traditional media with limited reach.

Kaplan and Haenlein (2010) argued that many companies are now operating on the social media because online community is the best place to showcase businesses due to the rising number of people using social media applications, and this is an area that companies can exploit in order to boost their customer base. But, Bibian (2018) believed that showcasing businesses on Facebook page or Instagram page is not enough, but should be able to first identify the reason for adopting social media, and then develop social media strategies in line with the goals and objectives of the organization.

  1.2   Statement of Problems 

Social media communication is considered an emerging field of research in recent years due to the fact that many practitioners and academics have seen it as a new way of promoting personal and business relationships beyond boundaries. Although these practitioners still perceive it with some fear because of its great influence on traditional media and the attitude of the users. In contrast, Holtz (2006) was of the opinion that social media communication has not eliminated or supplanted the traditional media, rather it has complemented it.

However, social media communication has raised a number of issues for firms. For instance, by engaging on social media, public opinion can easily be made on the company’s products and services without hesitation because customers are no longer satisfied with just receiving and dissecting messages without making their own contributions in form of feedback, and this contributions may come in negative form that could immediately hurt the company’s brand image leading to customers boycott (Bibian, 2018).

Another issue identified by Costea (2012) involves the use of creative contents on the social media platforms. He opine that, even though social media is very friendly and easy to use for companies, but high level of creativity is needed to develop contents that would attract customers because there are so many organizations promoting similar products and services with good contents online, hence only organizations that are able to distinguish their contents will secure the attention of these customers.

Cost of promotion across social media channels has also become a fundamental issue for companies. According to recent study, social media has become a toast to many marketing professionals, and 88% of global marketers have adopted social media for their promotions, leading to more than 60 million dollars as expenses on advertising annually (Bibian, 2018). Hence, the competitive nature of online advertising has made it imperative for organizations to prepare a handsome budget for promotions before their products and services can become visible to users online.

1.3    Objectives of the Study

The main objective is to determine the impact of social media communication on achieving organisational goals. Hence, the specific objectives are:

1         To examine the impact of Facebook communication on the goals of organisations. 

2         To examine the impact of Instagram communication on the goals of organisations.

3         To ascertain the impact of twitter communication on the goals of organisations 

1.4     Research Questions

In order to be able to ascertain the extent of the effect of social media communication as a tool for achieving organizational goals, the study will focus on proclaimed answers to the following questions.

1         To what extent does Facebook communication impacts on the goals of organisations?

2         Does Instagram communication has any impact on achieving the goals of organisations? 

3         How does twitter communication affect the achievement of organizational goals? 

1.5     Research Hypothesis

Hi: there is no significant relationship between Facebook communication and the goals of organisations.

H2: there is no significant relationship between Instagram communication and the goals of organisations.

H3: there is no significant relationship between twitter communication and the goals of organisations.

1.6   Significance of the Study 

The focus of this research is on the effect of social media communication on achieving the goals of organisations. This dissertation has efficiently analyzed related theories in the field of social media communication, and the gap discovered in the literature was that, previous studies did not focus on social media as a communication tool, particularly in the developing countries like Nigeria, and this is the motivating factor for the researcher to focus on this aspect of the study.

This became necessary because some organizations in the developing countries that have implemented social media technology with annual budget for social media promotions have not been able to establish a relationship between their expenditure and the profit goal of their organizations. Secondly, other organizations are still reluctant to implement social media technology because of lack of statistical evidence to prove a significant relationship between social media communication and organizational goals.

Hence, the findings of this research will make significant contributions to knowledge in social media communication in Nigeria and other developing nations in the world, and the enormous contributions it will make to knowledge could be viewed from different perspectives. In the first instance, the genuine evidence through the data generated from the case organisation will determine the relationship between social media communication and profitability goal of organizations.

Secondly, this evidence can be cited by other researchers who have the intention of taking a leap in social media communication and organizational goals.

Additionally, social media practitioners and public relations experts can also benefit from the outcomes of this study because of its focus on social media communication and profit targets of organizations.

The private sector organizations and government will also benefit from it as it will help in formulating policies in communication strategy. The theoretical contributions will also benefit the students and researchers in the field of social media communication as they will find it edifying and valuable in their career endeavors.

The advice on future research needed on this topic will also help other researchers to use this study as a springboard to develop a research topic in other sectors. 

1.7     Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study will cover the social media communication activities of the company, and it will involve the human resources, finance, engineering, logistics, procurement, and legal departments of the company. The period of activities will cover from 2014-2019. The essence of this period stems from the significant contributions that social media communication has made to organizational growth in the last five years.

However, this study will have certain limitations which include funding as well as limited time to obtain relevant data from the case study organization.

1.8  Definition of terms 

Social media – Online social networks used for the purpose of creating business value, self- discovery, entertainment value, social development, as well as achieving interpersonal relationship with others.

In this study, social media comprises of Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Website, and E-mail.

 

Organizational goal – The goal and objectives of the organization include profitability, marketing, business, market share, sales, and so on. In this study, organizational goal is considered the profitability of an organization.

Internet is a massive “network of networks”, a media infrastructure which connects millions of computers together globally, forming a network in which any computer can communicate with each other as long as they are both connected to internet.

Social Media- They are forms of electronic communication which facilitate interactive base on certain interests. Social media include web and mobile technology. Kaplan and Helen (2010) defined Social Media as a group of internet based application that allows the creation and exchange of user generated content. The use of internet to make information about yourself available to other people especially people you share an interest with to send messages to them.

Media - Are all those media technologies that are intended to reach a large audience by mass communication. “They are messages communicated through a mass medium to a number of people.

Computer - A computer is a machine that receives or stores or process data quickly according to a stored program.

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